Hydrogen Peroxide free essay sample

The same reaction is catalysed by the  enzyme  catalase, found in the  liver, whose main function in the body is the removal of toxic byproducts ofmetabolism  and the reduction of  oxidative stress. The decomposition occurs more rapidly in  alkali, so  acid  is often added as a stabilizer. The liberation of oxygen and energy in the decomposition has dangerous side-effects. Spilling high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire, which is further fueled by the oxygen released by the decomposing hydrogen peroxide. High test peroxide, or HTP (also called high-strength peroxide) must be stored in a suitable, vented container to prevent the buildup of oxygen gas, which would otherwise lead to the eventual rupture of the container. In the presence of certain catalysts, such as  Fe2+  or  Ti3+, the decomposition may take a different path, with  free radicals  such as HO · (hydroxyl) and HOO · (hydroperoxyl) being formed. We will write a custom essay sample on Hydrogen Peroxide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A combination of  H2O2  and  Fe2+  is known as  Fentons reagent. A common concentration for hydrogen peroxide is  20-volume, which means that, when 1 volume of hydrogen eroxide is decomposed, it produces 20 volumes of oxygen. A  20-volumeconcentration of hydrogen peroxide is equivalent to 1. 667  mol/dm3  (Molar solution) or about 6%. Redox reactions In acidic solutions,  H2O2  is one of the most powerful oxidizers known—stronger than  chlorine,  chlorine dioxide, and  potassium permanganate. Also, through catalysis,  H2O2  can be converted intohydroxyl radicals  (†¢OH), which are highly reactive. Oxidant/Reduced product| Oxidation  potential, V| Fluorine/Hydrogen fluoride| 3. 0| Ozone/Oxygen| 2. 1| Hydrogen peroxide/Water| 1. 8| Potassium permanganate/Manganese dioxide. Chlorine dioxide/HClO| 1. 5| Chlorine/Chloride| 1. 4| In aqueous solutions, hydrogen peroxide can oxidize or reduce a variety of inorganic ions. When it acts as a reducing agent,  oxygen  gas is also produced. In  acidic  solutions  Fe2+  is oxidized to  Fe3+  (hydrogen peroxide acting as an oxidizing agent), 2  Fe2+(aq) +  H2O2  + 2  H+(aq) 2  Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l) and  sulfite  (SO2? 3) is oxidized to  sulfate  (SO2? 4). However,  potassium permanganate  is reduced to  Mn2+  by acidic  H2O2. Under  alkaline  conditions, however, some of these reactions reverse; for example,  Mn2+  is oxidized to  Mn4+  (as  MnO2). Other examples of hydrogen peroxides action as a reducing agent are reaction with  sodium hypochlorite  or  potassium permanganate, which is a convenient method for preparing  oxygen  in the laboratory. NaOCl +  H2O2  Ã‚  O2  + NaCl +  H2O 2  KMnO4  + 3  H2O2   2  MnO2  + 2 KOH + 2  H2O  + 3  O2 Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an  oxidizing agent  in organic chemistry. One application is for the oxidation of  thioethers  to  sulfoxides. For example,  methyl phenyl sulfidecan be readily oxidized in high yield to  methyl phenyl sulfoxide: Ph? S? CH3  +  H2O2   Ph? S(O)? CH3  +  H2O Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for  epoxidation  of electron-deficient alkenes such as  acrylic acids, and also for oxidation of  alkylboranes  to  alcohols, the second step of  hydroboration-oxidation. Formation of peroxide compounds Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid, and it can form  hydroperoxide  or  peroxide  salts  or derivatives of many metals. For example, on addition to an aqueous solution of  chromic acid  (CrO3) or acidic solutions of dichromate salts, it will form an unstable blue peroxide CrO(O2)2. In aqueous solution it rapidly decomposes to form oxygen gas and chromium salts. It can also produce peroxoanions by reaction with  anions; for example, reaction with  borax  leads to  sodium perborate, a bleach used in laundry detergents: Na2B4O7  + 4  H2O2  + 2 NaOH 2  Na2B2O4(OH)4  +  H2O H2O2  converts  carboxylic acids  (RCOOH) into peroxy acids (RCOOOH), which are themselves used as oxidizing agents. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with  acetone  to form  acetone peroxide, and it interacts with  ozone  to form  hydrogen trioxide, also known as  trioxidane. Reaction with  urea  produces  carbamide peroxide, used for whitening teeth. An acid-base adduct with  triphenylphosphine oxide  is a useful carrier for  H2O2  in some reactions. Alkalinity Hydrogen peroxide can still form adducts with very strong acids. The  superacid  HF/SbF5  forms unstable compounds containing the  [H3O2]+  ion. Domestic uses * Diluted  H2O2  (between 3% and 8%) is used to bleach human  hair  when mixed with  ammonium hydroxide, hence the phrase peroxide blonde. * It is absorbed by  skin  upon contact and creates a local skin  capillary  embolism  that appears as a temporary whitening of the skin. * It is used to whiten  bones  that are to be put on display. 3%  H2O2  is effective at treating fresh (red) blood-stains in clothing and on other items. It must be applied to clothing before blood stains can be accidentally set with heated water. Cold water and soap are then used to remove the peroxide treated  blood. Some horticulturalists and users of  hydroponics  advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions. Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plants root development and helps to treat  root rot  (cellular root death due to lack of oxygen) and a variety of other pests. Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish. Hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to  catalysts  such as  manganese dioxide. * Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer effective in controlling sulfide and organic-related odors in wastewater collection and treatment systems. It is typically applied to a wastewater system where there is a retention time of 30 minutes to 5 hours before hydrogen sulfide is released.

Peer Pressure Essays

Peer Pressure Essays Peer Pressure Essay Peer Pressure Essay HOW CAN PEER PRESSURE IMPACT NEGATIVELY ON TEENAGERS? Candidates Name: Kadian Chambers Candidates Form: 11:3 Candidates School: Excelsior High Teacher’s Name: Mrs. Smith TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION STATEMENT OF PROBLEM REASONS FOR SELECTING TOPIC METHOD OF INVESTIGATION INSTRUMENT USED TO COLLECT DATA PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION PRESENTATION OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS BIB LIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION I have been a student of the Excelsior High School for four (4) to five (5) years now and I have noticed that teachers and parents are complaining about there child(ren) academic performances are being decreased due to peer pressure. This School Based Assignment consists of one of the many issues that is occurring within the Excelsior High School. Along with how its affecting students and a few suggestions on how this matter can be solved. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM How does peer pressure affects teenager’s academic performance? REASONS FOR SELECTING TOPIC The reason I selected this topic was because I have noticed that adolescence nowadays are under the influence of their peers. Not only that but there have been numerous occasions where parents and teachers are complaining that some adolescence academic performance level has decreased due to the high impact of their peer groups. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION In order to collect data from the survey, I have decided to use printed questionnaires. Questionnaires, as a tool of collecting data have a number of advantages: 1. It requires time to be completed. 2. It can be done at the confidence of the persons required to have it completed. 3. It guarantees total confidentiality since respondents are not allowed to attach their names. INSTRUMENTS USED TO COLLECT DATA Dear Students, This is a survey being carried out at the Excelsior High School to determine the amount of students that peer pressure affected negatively. Your advised to answer to the following questions truthfully. Since you do not write your name anywhere, no one would ever know that you were the one that had answered the questions. Please be reminded that this is not a test so there are no wrong or right answers . All persons who are answering the questions are required to tick the answer to their choice. Thank you, Yours truly, QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Sex Male ( ) Female ( ) 2. Age 11-13 ( ) 14-16 ( ) 17-19 ( ) 20-22 ( ) 3. Family Background Single Parent ( ) Nuclear ( ) Extended ( ) Sibling ( ) 4. Are you apart of a peer group? Yes ( ) No ( ) 5. Do you consider your peer group to be of good or bad influence? Good ( ) Bad ( ) 6. Is your participation in a peer group affecting your academic performance? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the causes of peer pressure? Family ( ) Friends ( ) Financial Needs ( ) Others 8. Are your teachers or parents complaining about the peers you socialize with? Yes ( ) No ( ) 9. Does your peers, pressure you to do negative? Stealing ( ) Fighting ( ) Lying ( ) Fornicate ( ) 0. Was it your decision to become apart of a peer group? Why? 11. When you meet with your peers, what are some of the major discussions? 12. What are some of the influences being faced because of peer pressure? Smoking ( ) Alcohol ( ) Sex ( ) All of the above ( ) 13. Would you suggest that teenagers are to be apart of a peer group? Yes ( ) No ( ) 14. If the answer to question 13 is ‘yes’, why did you suggest this? It’s good for them to socialize ( ) It will have a positive impact on them ( ) Other 15. How does peer pressure affects your self esteem? Does it let you feel unwanted ( ) Do you feel unattractive ( ) Are you doubtful ( ) Other PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION A total of 20 questionnaires were prepared and was distributed to the students of the Excelsior High School. It was expected that at least 16 of these would return. In order to investigate how students academic performances are being decreased due to peer pressure, I have chosen random sampling. I have chosen random sampling because these samples were available at the time when the questionnaires were distributed. PRESENTATION OF DATA A total number of 20 questionnaires were distributed to the students of the Excelsior High School. Out of the 20, 20 were returned. Of these 20, 10 were males and 10 were females. RECOMMENDATIONS After carefully analyzing the findings of the research, my recommendations are as follows: * The school board could host a program that educates the students about the negative and positive impacts of peer groups. * Students could visit the guidance counselor on a regular base to be more informed and aware about the different types of peer groups. Parents could monitor their children by getting to know the type of friends they keep and checking their books more regularly to see how they are performing at school. BIBLIOGRAPHY * CXC: New Edition: Social Studies Essentials * kentcrockett. blogspot. com * www. notesmaster. com ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA CHART 1: LINE GRAPH SHOWING THE PERCENTAGES OF INFLUENCES FACED BY STUDENTS BECAUSE OF PEER PRESSURE In chart 1, 50% of the respondents indicate that they are being pressured to have sex, 5% said smoking, 35% said alcohol, while the remaining 10% admit o doing all of the above. CHART 2: BAR GRAPH SHOWING THE PERCENTAGES OF RESPONDENTS INDICATING THAT THEIR PARENTS OR TEACHERS ARE COMPLAINING ABOUT THE PEER GROUPS THEY SOCIALIZE WITH In chart 2, 75% of the respondents stated that their parents or teachers complained about the group they socialize with and the remaining 25% stated no. TABLE 1: SHOWING THE PERCENTAGES OF RESPONDENTS THAT STATED THAT THEY ARE BEING PRESSURED BY THEIR PEERS TO DO NEGATIVE Negative | No. of students| Percentages | Stealing| 4| 20%| Fighting| 4| 20%| Lying| 5| 25%| Fornicate| 7| 35%| Total | 20| 100%| Within the school, 20% or 4 of the respondents stated that they are being pressured by their peers to steal, 20% or 4 stated for fighting, 25% or 5 for lying and the remaining 35% or 7 stated they fornicated. INTERPRETATION OF DATA Within Excelsior High School, the male to female ratio stands at 10:10, with 10 males and 10 females answering the questionnaires. These persons fell between the ages of 14-16 years, which accounted for 40% of the respondents. 25% of the respondents within the school stated that their parents or teachers did complain about the peer groups they socialized with. This was evident in 10% that admit to doing all of the above faced because of the influences per pressure. The 20% of respondents that stated that they are pressured to do negative (such as fighting) by their peer groups coincides with the 5% that stated they are smoking. FINDINGS The research revealed that: * That students within the Excelsior High School are being affected because of the peer groups they are in. * That teachers or parents are complaining about the type of peer group they are socializing with. * That being in peer groups has a high impact on teenagers.

Strategic Management Procedures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Management Procedures - Case Study Example Strategic planning is viewed to possess many advantages in the management aspect of the institution. These advantages manifest as this approach generally maintains the focus of the group towards their objectives and goals. Also, strategic planning also ensures that the different factors involved in the group's action are indeed incorporated and be well regarded in their plan ahead of time. Management who uses this approach becomes fully aware of the things and aspect that must be dealt with thus minimizing the certain issues of uncertainty and disconcertment. In addition to that, the efforts of the groups are well distributed to all the works and issues that must be addressed thus, minimizing waste and worthless efforts. However, strategic planning also do posts several disadvantages to the group and this is mainly related to cultural changes and ambiguity in the plan. Commonly, strategic planning comes in contrast with prevalent cultural trend in a certain locality thus, this approa ch also require change and adaptation when it comes to its implementation. Another is the ambiguity regarding the planning part where the strategy is mainly formulated with underestimation and overestimation, coordination failure, failure in following the created plan, resistance to the implementation of the plan, and others. If critically analyzed, it is evidently true that the advantages of strategic planning do outweigh is disadvantages regarding the achievement of the goals and objective of the group. The main roots this approach flaws can actual be viewed to be in relation to the culture trend and the planning itself. Strategic planning is indeed relevant because it can actually focus the efforts of the groups to the objective and keep all pertinent issues and aspect at perspective however, the plan itself must be created with the participation of every individual in the group for it for efficiently function. The group itself is composed of different individual and that their presence and support is indeed valuable thus they must all be regarded in the aspect of planning. If this concept if significant implemented in the formulation of the strategic management approach then the said value can actually be advantageous for the group towards the achievement of their primary goals and objectives. Case Based Analysis Today's business world is totally different form what the business industries were about ten years ago. Indeed, with the introduction of Information Technology to the globe, along came the different innovations for the business activities in the present system of global trade. This is the reason why many traditional organizations take the option in changing the way they approach the business world in attaining their goals of gaining profit. Among the corporations usually changing their systems are publishing business corporations. This is mainly due to the fact, that with the business of information distribution, a larger scale of customers is needed to support the said industry. Surely, with the traditional set up of business industries, a corporation's aim of reaching the most number of customers may not be that possible. But because of the emerging of virtual business and e-commerce, reaching a worldwide range of different customers had been possible for publishing companies in t he present